PHP hook, building hooks in your application

Introduction
One of the real challenges in building any type of framework, core or application is making it possible for the developers to hook into the business logic at specific points. Since PHP is not event based, nor it works with interrupts you have to come up an alternative.

The test case
Lets assume we are the main developers of a webshop framework. Programmers can use our framework to build complete webshops. Programmers can manage the orders that are placed on the webshop with the order class. The order class is part of our framework and we don’t want it to be extended by any programmer. However we don’t want to limit to programmers in their possibilities to hook into the orders process.

For example programmers should be able to send an email to the webshopowner if an order changes from one specific delivery status to another. This functionality is not part of the default behavior in our framework and is custom for the progammers webshop implementation.

Like said before, PHP doesn’t provide interrupts or real events so we need to come up with another way to implement hooks into our application. Lets take a look at the observer pattern.

Implementing the Observer pattern
The observer pattern is a design-pattern that describes a way for objects to be notified to specific state-changes in objects of the application.

For the first implementation we can use SPL. The SPL provides in two simple objects:

SPLSubject

attach (new observer to attach)
detach (existing observer to detach)
notify (notify all observers)

SPLObserver

update (Called from the subject (i.e. when it’s value has changed).

iOrderRef = $iOrderRef;
		
		// Get order information from the database or an other resources
		$this->iStatus = Order::STATUS_SHIPPED;
	}
	
	/**
	 * Attach an observer
	 * 
	 * @param SplObserver $oObserver 
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function attach(SplObserver $oObserver)
	{
		$sHash = spl_object_hash($oObserver);
		if (isset($this->aObservers[$sHash])) {
			throw new Exception('Observer is already attached');
		}

		$this->aObservers[$sHash] = $oObserver;
	}

	/**
	 * Detach observer
	 * 
	 * @param SplObserver $oObserver 
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function detach(SplObserver $oObserver)
	{
		$sHash = spl_object_hash($oObserver);
		if (!isset($this->aObservers[$sHash])) {
			throw new Exception('Observer not attached');
		}
		unset($this->aObservers[$sHash]);
	}

	/**
	 * Notify the attached observers
	 * 
	 * @param string $sEvent, name of the event
	 * @param mixed $mData, optional data that is not directly available for the observers
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function notify()
	{
		foreach ($this->aObservers as $oObserver) {
			try {
				$oObserver->update($this);
			} catch(Exception $e) {

			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Add an order
	 * 
	 * @param array $aOrder 
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function delete()
	{
		$this->notify();
	}
	
	/**
	 * Return the order reference number
	 * 
	 * @return int
	 */
	public function getRef()
	{
		return $this->iOrderRef;
	}
	
	/**
	 * Return the current order status
	 * 
	 * @return int
	 */
	public function getStatus()
	{
		return $this->iStatus;
	}
	
	/**
	 * Update the order status
	 */
	public function updateStatus($iStatus)
	{
		$this->notify();
		// ...
		$this->iStatus = $iStatus;
		// ...
		$this->notify();
	}
}

/**
 * Order status handler, observer that sends an email to secretary
 * if the status of an order changes from shipped to delivered, so the
 * secratary can make a phone call to our customer to ask for his opinion about the service
 * 
 * @package Shop
 */
class OrderStatusHandler implements SplObserver
{
	/**
	 * Previous orderstatus
	 * @var int
	 */
	protected $iPreviousOrderStatus;
	/**
	 * Current orderstatus
	 * @var int
	 */
	protected $iCurrentOrderStatus;
	
	/**
	 * Update, called by the observable object order
	 * 
	 * @param Observable_Interface $oSubject
	 * @param string $sEvent
	 * @param mixed $mData 
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function update(SplSubject $oSubject)
	{
		if(!$oSubject instanceof Order) {
			return;
		}
		if(is_null($this->iPreviousOrderStatus)) {
			$this->iPreviousOrderStatus = $oSubject->getStatus();
		} else {
			$this->iCurrentOrderStatus = $oSubject->getStatus();
			if($this->iPreviousOrderStatus === Order::STATUS_SHIPPED && $this->iCurrentOrderStatus === Order::STATUS_DELIVERED) {
				$sSubject = sprintf('Order number %d is shipped', $oSubject->getRef());
				//mail('secratary@example.com', 'Order number %d is shipped', 'Text');
				echo 'Mail sended to the secratary to help her remember to call our customer for a survey.';
			}
		}
	}
}

$oOrder = new Order(26012011);
$oOrder->attach(new OrderStatusHandler());
$oOrder->updateStatus(Order::STATUS_DELIVERED);
$oOrder->delete();
?>

There are several problems with the implementation above. To most important disadvantage is that we have only one update method in our observer. In this update method we don’t know when and why we are getting notified, just that something happened. We should keep track of everything that happens in the subject. (Or use debug_backtrace… just joking, don’t even think about using it that way ever!).

Taking it a step further, events
Lets take a look at the next example, we will extend the Observer implementation with some an additional parameter for the eventname that occured.

Finishing up, optional data

iOrderRef = $iOrderRef;
		
		// Get order information from the database or something else...
		$this->iStatus = Order::STATUS_SHIPPED;
	}
	
	/**
	 * Attach an observer
	 * 
	 * @param Observer_Interface $oObserver 
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function attachObserver(Observer_Interface $oObserver)
	{
		$sHash = spl_object_hash($oObserver);
		if (isset($this->aObservers[$sHash])) {
			throw new Exception('Observer is already attached');
		}

		$this->aObservers[$sHash] = $oObserver;
	}

	/**
	 * Detach observer
	 * 
	 * @param Observer_Interface $oObserver 
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function detachObserver(Observer_Interface $oObserver)
	{
		$sHash = spl_object_hash($oObserver);
		if (!isset($this->aObservers[$sHash])) {
			throw new Exception('Observer not attached');
		}
		unset($this->aObservers[$sHash]);
	}

	/**
	 * Notify the attached observers
	 * 
	 * @param string $sEvent, name of the event
	 * @param mixed $mData, optional data that is not directly available for the observers
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function notifyObserver($sEvent, $mData=null)
	{
		foreach ($this->aObservers as $oObserver) {
			try {
				$oObserver->update($this, $sEvent, $mData);
			} catch(Exception $e) {

			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Add an order
	 * 
	 * @param array $aOrder 
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function add($aOrder = array())
	{
		$this->notifyObserver('onAdd');
	}
	
	/**
	 * Return the order reference number
	 * 
	 * @return int
	 */
	public function getRef()
	{
		return $this->iOrderRef;
	}
	
	/**
	 * Return the current order status
	 * 
	 * @return int
	 */
	public function getStatus()
	{
		return $this->iStatus;
	}
	
	/**
	 * Update the order status
	 */
	public function updateStatus($iStatus)
	{
		$this->notifyObserver('onBeforeUpdateStatus');
		// ...
		$this->iStatus = $iStatus;
		// ...
		$this->notifyObserver('onAfterUpdateStatus');
	}
}

/**
 * Order status handler, observer that sends an email to secretary
 * if the status of an order changes from shipped to delivered, so the
 * secratary can make a phone call to our customer to ask for his opinion about the service
 * 
 * @package Shop
 */
class OrderStatusHandler implements Observer_Interface
{
	protected $iPreviousOrderStatus;
	protected $iCurrentOrderStatus;
	
	/**
	 * Update, called by the observable object order
	 * 
	 * @param Observable_Interface $oObservable
	 * @param string $sEvent
	 * @param mixed $mData 
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function update(Observable_Interface $oObservable, $sEvent, $mData=null)
	{
		if(!$oObservable instanceof Order) {
			return;
		}
		
		switch($sEvent) {
			case 'onBeforeUpdateStatus':
				$this->iPreviousOrderStatus = $oObservable->getStatus();
				return;
			case 'onAfterUpdateStatus':
				$this->iCurrentOrderStatus = $oObservable->getStatus();
				
				if($this->iPreviousOrderStatus === Order::STATUS_SHIPPED && $this->iCurrentOrderStatus === Order::STATUS_DELIVERED) {
					$sSubject = sprintf('Order number %d is shipped', $oObservable->getRef());
					//mail('secratary@example.com', 'Order number %d is shipped', 'Text');
					echo 'Mail sended to the secratary to help her remember to call our customer for a survey.';
				}
		}
	}
}

$oOrder = new Order(26012011);
$oOrder->attachObserver(new OrderStatusHandler());
$oOrder->updateStatus(Order::STATUS_DELIVERED);
$oOrder->add();
?>

Now we are able to take action on different events that occur.

Disadvantages
Although this implementation works quite well there are some drawbacks. One of those drawbacks is that we need to dispatch an event in our framework, if we don’t programmers can’t hook into our application. Triggering events everywhere give us a small performance penalty however I do think this way of working gives the programmers a nice way to hook into your application on those spots that you want them to hook in.

Just for the record
Notice that this code is just an example and can still use some improvements, for example: each observer is initialized even it will maybe never be notified, therefore I suggest to make use of lazy in some cases for loading the objects. There are other systems to hook into an application, more to follow!

Written by Sjoerd Maessen

May 23rd, 2011 at 8:02 pm

Posted in API

Tagged with modular, Observer, SPL, Subject

49,103 Responses to 'PHP hook, building hooks in your application'

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Tourists fined and banned from Venice for swimming in canal
[url=https://trip-scan.co]tripscan[/url]
A couple from the United Kingdom had to cut their vacation in Venice short after being caught swimming in the Grand Canal.

The 35-year-old British man and his 25-year-old Romanian girlfriend were forced to return to their home in the UK on Thursday, the same day they arrived in the city, after gondoliers reported them to local police for taking a dip in the canal.

The pair were fined €450 ($529) each and expelled from Venice for 48 hours, marking the 1,136th such sanction to be handed down to badly behaved tourists in the city so far this year, according to the Venice City Police.

The unnamed couple took the plunge near the Accademia bridge near St. Mark’s Square and gondoliers at the Rio San Vidal kiosk immediately called authorities, who removed them from the water.

“I thank the gondoliers for their cooperation and timely reporting,” said Venice Security Councillor Elisabetta Pesce in a statement published by city authorities on Friday.
https://trip-scan.co
trip scan
“Venice must be defended from those who disrespect it: protecting the city means ensuring decorum for residents and visitors who experience it with civility.”

Swimming in the Venice canals is prohibited for a variety of reasons, including the intense boat traffic and the cleanliness — or lack thereof — of the water, according to the city’s tourism ministry.

Of the 1,136 orders of expulsion from the city so far this year, about 10 were for swimming.

Related article
Tourists take photographs on the Rialto Bridge in Venice, Italy, on Saturday, April 8, 2023. Italy’s upcoming budget outlook will probably incorporate a higher growth forecast for 2023 followed by a worsened outlook for subsequent years, according to people familiar with the matter. Photographer: Andrea Merola/Bloomberg via Getty Images
Rising waters and overtourism are killing Venice. Now the fight is on to save its soul

“Since the beginning of the year, we have issued a total of 1,136 orders of expulsion for incidents of degradation and uncivilized behavior,” Venice local police deputy commander Gianni Franzoi said in a statement shared with CNN.

Poor visitor behavior is one of the worst byproducts of overtourism, Franzoi said, and incidents are on the rise.

In July 2024, an Australian man was fined and expelled for diving off the Rialto Bridge after his friends posted about it on social media.

The year before, two French tourists were fined and expelled for skinny dipping in the canal under the moonlight. In August 2022, a German man was fined and expelled for surfing in the canal.

Related article
Aerial view of the plagued ghost island of Poveglia in the Venetian lagoon
‘Haunted’ Venice island to become a locals-only haven where tourists are banned

Venice’s authorities have been trying to balance the need for visitor income with residents’ demands for a city that works for them.

Day trippers now pay a €10 entrance fee on summer weekends and during busy periods throughout the year.

The city has also banned tour groups of more than 25 people, loudspeakers and megaphones, and even standing on narrow streets to listen to tour guides.

“It was necessary to establish a system of penalties that would effectively deter potential violations,” Pesce said when the ordinance was passed in February.

“Our goal remains to combat all forms of irregularities related to overtourism in the historic lagoon city center,” she added.

“The new rules for groups accompanied by guides encourage a more sustainable form of tourism, while also ensuring greater protection and safety in the city and better balancing the needs of Venice residents and visitors.”

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The road south from Lerwick cuts across the runway of Sumburgh Airport on Shetland.
The road south from Lerwick cuts across the runway of Sumburgh Airport on Shetland. Alan Morris/iStock Editorial/Getty Images
Planning a trip to Jarlshof, the extraordinarily well-preserved Bronze Age settlement towards the southern tip of Shetland? You may need to build in some extra time. The ancient and Viking-era ruins, called one of the UK’s greatest archaeological sites, sit just beyond one of the runways of Sumburgh, Shetland’s main airport — and reaching them means driving, cycling or walking across the runway itself.

There’s only one road heading due south from the capital, Lerwick; and while it ducks around most of the airport’s perimeter, skirting the two runways, the road cuts directly across the western end of one of them. A staff member occupies a roadside hut, and before take-offs and landings, comes out to lower a barrier across the road. Once the plane is where it needs to be, up come the barriers and waiting drivers get a friendly thumbs up.

Amata Kabua International Airport, Marshall Islands (MAJ)
Fly into Majuro and you’ll skim across the Pacific and land on the runway that’s just about as wide as the sandbar-like island itself.
Fly into Majuro and you’ll skim across the Pacific and land on the runway that’s just about as wide as the sandbar-like island itself. mtcurado/iStockphoto/Getty Images
Imagine flying into Majuro, the capital of the Marshall Islands in Micronesia. You’re descending down, down, and further down towards the Pacific, no land in sight. Then you’re suddenly above a pencil-thin atoll — can you really be about to land here? Yes you are, with cars racing past the runway no less, matching you for speed.

Majuro’s Amata Kabua International Airport gives a whole new meaning to the phrase “water landing”. Its single runway, just shy of 8,000ft, is a slim strip of asphalt over the sandbar that’s barely any wider than the atoll itself — and the island is so remote that when the runway was resurfaced, materials had to be transported from the Philippines, Hong Kong and Korea, according to the constructors. “Lagoon Road” — the 30-mile road that runs from top to toe on Majuro — skims alongside the runway.
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Related article
Barra Airport, Scotland
At Scotland’s beach airport, the runway disappears at high tide

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Tourists fined and banned from Venice for swimming in canal
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A couple from the United Kingdom had to cut their vacation in Venice short after being caught swimming in the Grand Canal.

The 35-year-old British man and his 25-year-old Romanian girlfriend were forced to return to their home in the UK on Thursday, the same day they arrived in the city, after gondoliers reported them to local police for taking a dip in the canal.

The pair were fined €450 ($529) each and expelled from Venice for 48 hours, marking the 1,136th such sanction to be handed down to badly behaved tourists in the city so far this year, according to the Venice City Police.

The unnamed couple took the plunge near the Accademia bridge near St. Mark’s Square and gondoliers at the Rio San Vidal kiosk immediately called authorities, who removed them from the water.

“I thank the gondoliers for their cooperation and timely reporting,” said Venice Security Councillor Elisabetta Pesce in a statement published by city authorities on Friday.
https://trip-scan.co
trip scan
“Venice must be defended from those who disrespect it: protecting the city means ensuring decorum for residents and visitors who experience it with civility.”

Swimming in the Venice canals is prohibited for a variety of reasons, including the intense boat traffic and the cleanliness — or lack thereof — of the water, according to the city’s tourism ministry.

Of the 1,136 orders of expulsion from the city so far this year, about 10 were for swimming.

Related article
Tourists take photographs on the Rialto Bridge in Venice, Italy, on Saturday, April 8, 2023. Italy’s upcoming budget outlook will probably incorporate a higher growth forecast for 2023 followed by a worsened outlook for subsequent years, according to people familiar with the matter. Photographer: Andrea Merola/Bloomberg via Getty Images
Rising waters and overtourism are killing Venice. Now the fight is on to save its soul

“Since the beginning of the year, we have issued a total of 1,136 orders of expulsion for incidents of degradation and uncivilized behavior,” Venice local police deputy commander Gianni Franzoi said in a statement shared with CNN.

Poor visitor behavior is one of the worst byproducts of overtourism, Franzoi said, and incidents are on the rise.

In July 2024, an Australian man was fined and expelled for diving off the Rialto Bridge after his friends posted about it on social media.

The year before, two French tourists were fined and expelled for skinny dipping in the canal under the moonlight. In August 2022, a German man was fined and expelled for surfing in the canal.

Related article
Aerial view of the plagued ghost island of Poveglia in the Venetian lagoon
‘Haunted’ Venice island to become a locals-only haven where tourists are banned

Venice’s authorities have been trying to balance the need for visitor income with residents’ demands for a city that works for them.

Day trippers now pay a €10 entrance fee on summer weekends and during busy periods throughout the year.

The city has also banned tour groups of more than 25 people, loudspeakers and megaphones, and even standing on narrow streets to listen to tour guides.

“It was necessary to establish a system of penalties that would effectively deter potential violations,” Pesce said when the ordinance was passed in February.

“Our goal remains to combat all forms of irregularities related to overtourism in the historic lagoon city center,” she added.

“The new rules for groups accompanied by guides encourage a more sustainable form of tourism, while also ensuring greater protection and safety in the city and better balancing the needs of Venice residents and visitors.”

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