PHP hook, building hooks in your application

Introduction
One of the real challenges in building any type of framework, core or application is making it possible for the developers to hook into the business logic at specific points. Since PHP is not event based, nor it works with interrupts you have to come up an alternative.

The test case
Lets assume we are the main developers of a webshop framework. Programmers can use our framework to build complete webshops. Programmers can manage the orders that are placed on the webshop with the order class. The order class is part of our framework and we don’t want it to be extended by any programmer. However we don’t want to limit to programmers in their possibilities to hook into the orders process.

For example programmers should be able to send an email to the webshopowner if an order changes from one specific delivery status to another. This functionality is not part of the default behavior in our framework and is custom for the progammers webshop implementation.

Like said before, PHP doesn’t provide interrupts or real events so we need to come up with another way to implement hooks into our application. Lets take a look at the observer pattern.

Implementing the Observer pattern
The observer pattern is a design-pattern that describes a way for objects to be notified to specific state-changes in objects of the application.

For the first implementation we can use SPL. The SPL provides in two simple objects:

SPLSubject

attach (new observer to attach)
detach (existing observer to detach)
notify (notify all observers)

SPLObserver

update (Called from the subject (i.e. when it’s value has changed).

iOrderRef = $iOrderRef;
		
		// Get order information from the database or an other resources
		$this->iStatus = Order::STATUS_SHIPPED;
	}
	
	/**
	 * Attach an observer
	 * 
	 * @param SplObserver $oObserver 
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function attach(SplObserver $oObserver)
	{
		$sHash = spl_object_hash($oObserver);
		if (isset($this->aObservers[$sHash])) {
			throw new Exception('Observer is already attached');
		}

		$this->aObservers[$sHash] = $oObserver;
	}

	/**
	 * Detach observer
	 * 
	 * @param SplObserver $oObserver 
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function detach(SplObserver $oObserver)
	{
		$sHash = spl_object_hash($oObserver);
		if (!isset($this->aObservers[$sHash])) {
			throw new Exception('Observer not attached');
		}
		unset($this->aObservers[$sHash]);
	}

	/**
	 * Notify the attached observers
	 * 
	 * @param string $sEvent, name of the event
	 * @param mixed $mData, optional data that is not directly available for the observers
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function notify()
	{
		foreach ($this->aObservers as $oObserver) {
			try {
				$oObserver->update($this);
			} catch(Exception $e) {

			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Add an order
	 * 
	 * @param array $aOrder 
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function delete()
	{
		$this->notify();
	}
	
	/**
	 * Return the order reference number
	 * 
	 * @return int
	 */
	public function getRef()
	{
		return $this->iOrderRef;
	}
	
	/**
	 * Return the current order status
	 * 
	 * @return int
	 */
	public function getStatus()
	{
		return $this->iStatus;
	}
	
	/**
	 * Update the order status
	 */
	public function updateStatus($iStatus)
	{
		$this->notify();
		// ...
		$this->iStatus = $iStatus;
		// ...
		$this->notify();
	}
}

/**
 * Order status handler, observer that sends an email to secretary
 * if the status of an order changes from shipped to delivered, so the
 * secratary can make a phone call to our customer to ask for his opinion about the service
 * 
 * @package Shop
 */
class OrderStatusHandler implements SplObserver
{
	/**
	 * Previous orderstatus
	 * @var int
	 */
	protected $iPreviousOrderStatus;
	/**
	 * Current orderstatus
	 * @var int
	 */
	protected $iCurrentOrderStatus;
	
	/**
	 * Update, called by the observable object order
	 * 
	 * @param Observable_Interface $oSubject
	 * @param string $sEvent
	 * @param mixed $mData 
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function update(SplSubject $oSubject)
	{
		if(!$oSubject instanceof Order) {
			return;
		}
		if(is_null($this->iPreviousOrderStatus)) {
			$this->iPreviousOrderStatus = $oSubject->getStatus();
		} else {
			$this->iCurrentOrderStatus = $oSubject->getStatus();
			if($this->iPreviousOrderStatus === Order::STATUS_SHIPPED && $this->iCurrentOrderStatus === Order::STATUS_DELIVERED) {
				$sSubject = sprintf('Order number %d is shipped', $oSubject->getRef());
				//mail('secratary@example.com', 'Order number %d is shipped', 'Text');
				echo 'Mail sended to the secratary to help her remember to call our customer for a survey.';
			}
		}
	}
}

$oOrder = new Order(26012011);
$oOrder->attach(new OrderStatusHandler());
$oOrder->updateStatus(Order::STATUS_DELIVERED);
$oOrder->delete();
?>

There are several problems with the implementation above. To most important disadvantage is that we have only one update method in our observer. In this update method we don’t know when and why we are getting notified, just that something happened. We should keep track of everything that happens in the subject. (Or use debug_backtrace… just joking, don’t even think about using it that way ever!).

Taking it a step further, events
Lets take a look at the next example, we will extend the Observer implementation with some an additional parameter for the eventname that occured.

Finishing up, optional data

iOrderRef = $iOrderRef;
		
		// Get order information from the database or something else...
		$this->iStatus = Order::STATUS_SHIPPED;
	}
	
	/**
	 * Attach an observer
	 * 
	 * @param Observer_Interface $oObserver 
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function attachObserver(Observer_Interface $oObserver)
	{
		$sHash = spl_object_hash($oObserver);
		if (isset($this->aObservers[$sHash])) {
			throw new Exception('Observer is already attached');
		}

		$this->aObservers[$sHash] = $oObserver;
	}

	/**
	 * Detach observer
	 * 
	 * @param Observer_Interface $oObserver 
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function detachObserver(Observer_Interface $oObserver)
	{
		$sHash = spl_object_hash($oObserver);
		if (!isset($this->aObservers[$sHash])) {
			throw new Exception('Observer not attached');
		}
		unset($this->aObservers[$sHash]);
	}

	/**
	 * Notify the attached observers
	 * 
	 * @param string $sEvent, name of the event
	 * @param mixed $mData, optional data that is not directly available for the observers
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function notifyObserver($sEvent, $mData=null)
	{
		foreach ($this->aObservers as $oObserver) {
			try {
				$oObserver->update($this, $sEvent, $mData);
			} catch(Exception $e) {

			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Add an order
	 * 
	 * @param array $aOrder 
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function add($aOrder = array())
	{
		$this->notifyObserver('onAdd');
	}
	
	/**
	 * Return the order reference number
	 * 
	 * @return int
	 */
	public function getRef()
	{
		return $this->iOrderRef;
	}
	
	/**
	 * Return the current order status
	 * 
	 * @return int
	 */
	public function getStatus()
	{
		return $this->iStatus;
	}
	
	/**
	 * Update the order status
	 */
	public function updateStatus($iStatus)
	{
		$this->notifyObserver('onBeforeUpdateStatus');
		// ...
		$this->iStatus = $iStatus;
		// ...
		$this->notifyObserver('onAfterUpdateStatus');
	}
}

/**
 * Order status handler, observer that sends an email to secretary
 * if the status of an order changes from shipped to delivered, so the
 * secratary can make a phone call to our customer to ask for his opinion about the service
 * 
 * @package Shop
 */
class OrderStatusHandler implements Observer_Interface
{
	protected $iPreviousOrderStatus;
	protected $iCurrentOrderStatus;
	
	/**
	 * Update, called by the observable object order
	 * 
	 * @param Observable_Interface $oObservable
	 * @param string $sEvent
	 * @param mixed $mData 
	 * @return void
	 */
	public function update(Observable_Interface $oObservable, $sEvent, $mData=null)
	{
		if(!$oObservable instanceof Order) {
			return;
		}
		
		switch($sEvent) {
			case 'onBeforeUpdateStatus':
				$this->iPreviousOrderStatus = $oObservable->getStatus();
				return;
			case 'onAfterUpdateStatus':
				$this->iCurrentOrderStatus = $oObservable->getStatus();
				
				if($this->iPreviousOrderStatus === Order::STATUS_SHIPPED && $this->iCurrentOrderStatus === Order::STATUS_DELIVERED) {
					$sSubject = sprintf('Order number %d is shipped', $oObservable->getRef());
					//mail('secratary@example.com', 'Order number %d is shipped', 'Text');
					echo 'Mail sended to the secratary to help her remember to call our customer for a survey.';
				}
		}
	}
}

$oOrder = new Order(26012011);
$oOrder->attachObserver(new OrderStatusHandler());
$oOrder->updateStatus(Order::STATUS_DELIVERED);
$oOrder->add();
?>

Now we are able to take action on different events that occur.

Disadvantages
Although this implementation works quite well there are some drawbacks. One of those drawbacks is that we need to dispatch an event in our framework, if we don’t programmers can’t hook into our application. Triggering events everywhere give us a small performance penalty however I do think this way of working gives the programmers a nice way to hook into your application on those spots that you want them to hook in.

Just for the record
Notice that this code is just an example and can still use some improvements, for example: each observer is initialized even it will maybe never be notified, therefore I suggest to make use of lazy in some cases for loading the objects. There are other systems to hook into an application, more to follow!

Written by Sjoerd Maessen

May 23rd, 2011 at 8:02 pm

Posted in API

Tagged with modular, Observer, SPL, Subject

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3 Sep 25 at 9:20 pm
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3 Sep 25 at 9:38 pm
Even during his days off, Raul Morales gets spotted by fans. On a recent visit to Universal Studios Hollywood, Morales, owner of Taqueria Vista Hermosa in Los Angeles, was waiting in line when he heard shouting.

“People called out ‘Chef Al Pastor! Chef Al Pastor!’” Morales said, laughing. Morales, who was born in Mexico City, came by the nickname through decades of hard work.
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He’s the third generation of his family to make al pastor tacos, their fresh tortillas filled with richly seasoned pork shaved from a rotating vertical spit.

“My recipe is very special, and very old,” he said.

Yet while Morales’ family recipes go back generations, and similar spit-roasted meats like shawarma and doner have been around for hundreds of years, his tacos represent a kind of cuisine that’s as contemporary and international as it is ancient and traditional. When you thread meat onto a spinning spit to roast it, it turns out, it doesn’t stay in one place for long.
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‘Any place you have a pointy stick or a sword’
Roasting meat on a spit or stick is likely among humans’ most ancient cooking techniques, says food historian Ken Albala, a professor of history at the University of the Pacific.

Feasts of spit-roasted meat appear in the Homeric epics The Iliad and The Odyssey, writes Susan Sherratt, emeritus professor of East Mediterranean archaeology at the University of Sheffield, in the journal Hesperia.

Iron spits that might have been used for roasting appear in the Aegean starting in the 10th century BCE. Such spits have been unearthed in tombs associated with male warriors, Sherratt writes, noting that roasting meat may have been a practice linked to male bonding and masculinity.

“I think the reason that it’s associated with men is partly because of hunting, and the tools, or weapons, that replicated what you would do in war,” Albala said. “When you celebrated a victory, you would go out and sacrifice an animal to the gods, which would basically be like a big barbecue.”

Roasting meat is not as simple as dangling a hunk of meat over the flames. When roasting, meat is not cooked directly on top of the heat source, Albala says, but beside it, which can generate richer flavors.

“Any place you have a pointy stick or a sword, people are going to figure out very quickly … if you cook with it off to the side of the fire, it’s going to taste much more interesting,” Albala said.

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