PHP hook, building hooks in your application
Introduction
One of the real challenges in building any type of framework, core or application is making it possible for the developers to hook into the business logic at specific points. Since PHP is not event based, nor it works with interrupts you have to come up an alternative.
The test case
Lets assume we are the main developers of a webshop framework. Programmers can use our framework to build complete webshops. Programmers can manage the orders that are placed on the webshop with the order class. The order class is part of our framework and we don’t want it to be extended by any programmer. However we don’t want to limit to programmers in their possibilities to hook into the orders process.
For example programmers should be able to send an email to the webshopowner if an order changes from one specific delivery status to another. This functionality is not part of the default behavior in our framework and is custom for the progammers webshop implementation.
Like said before, PHP doesn’t provide interrupts or real events so we need to come up with another way to implement hooks into our application. Lets take a look at the observer pattern.
Implementing the Observer pattern
The observer pattern is a design-pattern that describes a way for objects to be notified to specific state-changes in objects of the application.
For the first implementation we can use SPL. The SPL provides in two simple objects:
SPLSubject
- attach (new observer to attach)
- detach (existing observer to detach)
- notify (notify all observers)
SPLObserver
- update (Called from the subject (i.e. when it’s value has changed).
iOrderRef = $iOrderRef;
// Get order information from the database or an other resources
$this->iStatus = Order::STATUS_SHIPPED;
}
/**
* Attach an observer
*
* @param SplObserver $oObserver
* @return void
*/
public function attach(SplObserver $oObserver)
{
$sHash = spl_object_hash($oObserver);
if (isset($this->aObservers[$sHash])) {
throw new Exception('Observer is already attached');
}
$this->aObservers[$sHash] = $oObserver;
}
/**
* Detach observer
*
* @param SplObserver $oObserver
* @return void
*/
public function detach(SplObserver $oObserver)
{
$sHash = spl_object_hash($oObserver);
if (!isset($this->aObservers[$sHash])) {
throw new Exception('Observer not attached');
}
unset($this->aObservers[$sHash]);
}
/**
* Notify the attached observers
*
* @param string $sEvent, name of the event
* @param mixed $mData, optional data that is not directly available for the observers
* @return void
*/
public function notify()
{
foreach ($this->aObservers as $oObserver) {
try {
$oObserver->update($this);
} catch(Exception $e) {
}
}
}
/**
* Add an order
*
* @param array $aOrder
* @return void
*/
public function delete()
{
$this->notify();
}
/**
* Return the order reference number
*
* @return int
*/
public function getRef()
{
return $this->iOrderRef;
}
/**
* Return the current order status
*
* @return int
*/
public function getStatus()
{
return $this->iStatus;
}
/**
* Update the order status
*/
public function updateStatus($iStatus)
{
$this->notify();
// ...
$this->iStatus = $iStatus;
// ...
$this->notify();
}
}
/**
* Order status handler, observer that sends an email to secretary
* if the status of an order changes from shipped to delivered, so the
* secratary can make a phone call to our customer to ask for his opinion about the service
*
* @package Shop
*/
class OrderStatusHandler implements SplObserver
{
/**
* Previous orderstatus
* @var int
*/
protected $iPreviousOrderStatus;
/**
* Current orderstatus
* @var int
*/
protected $iCurrentOrderStatus;
/**
* Update, called by the observable object order
*
* @param Observable_Interface $oSubject
* @param string $sEvent
* @param mixed $mData
* @return void
*/
public function update(SplSubject $oSubject)
{
if(!$oSubject instanceof Order) {
return;
}
if(is_null($this->iPreviousOrderStatus)) {
$this->iPreviousOrderStatus = $oSubject->getStatus();
} else {
$this->iCurrentOrderStatus = $oSubject->getStatus();
if($this->iPreviousOrderStatus === Order::STATUS_SHIPPED && $this->iCurrentOrderStatus === Order::STATUS_DELIVERED) {
$sSubject = sprintf('Order number %d is shipped', $oSubject->getRef());
//mail('secratary@example.com', 'Order number %d is shipped', 'Text');
echo 'Mail sended to the secratary to help her remember to call our customer for a survey.';
}
}
}
}
$oOrder = new Order(26012011);
$oOrder->attach(new OrderStatusHandler());
$oOrder->updateStatus(Order::STATUS_DELIVERED);
$oOrder->delete();
?>
There are several problems with the implementation above. To most important disadvantage is that we have only one update method in our observer. In this update method we don’t know when and why we are getting notified, just that something happened. We should keep track of everything that happens in the subject. (Or use debug_backtrace… just joking, don’t even think about using it that way ever!).
Taking it a step further, events
Lets take a look at the next example, we will extend the Observer implementation with some an additional parameter for the eventname that occured.
Finishing up, optional data
iOrderRef = $iOrderRef;
// Get order information from the database or something else...
$this->iStatus = Order::STATUS_SHIPPED;
}
/**
* Attach an observer
*
* @param Observer_Interface $oObserver
* @return void
*/
public function attachObserver(Observer_Interface $oObserver)
{
$sHash = spl_object_hash($oObserver);
if (isset($this->aObservers[$sHash])) {
throw new Exception('Observer is already attached');
}
$this->aObservers[$sHash] = $oObserver;
}
/**
* Detach observer
*
* @param Observer_Interface $oObserver
* @return void
*/
public function detachObserver(Observer_Interface $oObserver)
{
$sHash = spl_object_hash($oObserver);
if (!isset($this->aObservers[$sHash])) {
throw new Exception('Observer not attached');
}
unset($this->aObservers[$sHash]);
}
/**
* Notify the attached observers
*
* @param string $sEvent, name of the event
* @param mixed $mData, optional data that is not directly available for the observers
* @return void
*/
public function notifyObserver($sEvent, $mData=null)
{
foreach ($this->aObservers as $oObserver) {
try {
$oObserver->update($this, $sEvent, $mData);
} catch(Exception $e) {
}
}
}
/**
* Add an order
*
* @param array $aOrder
* @return void
*/
public function add($aOrder = array())
{
$this->notifyObserver('onAdd');
}
/**
* Return the order reference number
*
* @return int
*/
public function getRef()
{
return $this->iOrderRef;
}
/**
* Return the current order status
*
* @return int
*/
public function getStatus()
{
return $this->iStatus;
}
/**
* Update the order status
*/
public function updateStatus($iStatus)
{
$this->notifyObserver('onBeforeUpdateStatus');
// ...
$this->iStatus = $iStatus;
// ...
$this->notifyObserver('onAfterUpdateStatus');
}
}
/**
* Order status handler, observer that sends an email to secretary
* if the status of an order changes from shipped to delivered, so the
* secratary can make a phone call to our customer to ask for his opinion about the service
*
* @package Shop
*/
class OrderStatusHandler implements Observer_Interface
{
protected $iPreviousOrderStatus;
protected $iCurrentOrderStatus;
/**
* Update, called by the observable object order
*
* @param Observable_Interface $oObservable
* @param string $sEvent
* @param mixed $mData
* @return void
*/
public function update(Observable_Interface $oObservable, $sEvent, $mData=null)
{
if(!$oObservable instanceof Order) {
return;
}
switch($sEvent) {
case 'onBeforeUpdateStatus':
$this->iPreviousOrderStatus = $oObservable->getStatus();
return;
case 'onAfterUpdateStatus':
$this->iCurrentOrderStatus = $oObservable->getStatus();
if($this->iPreviousOrderStatus === Order::STATUS_SHIPPED && $this->iCurrentOrderStatus === Order::STATUS_DELIVERED) {
$sSubject = sprintf('Order number %d is shipped', $oObservable->getRef());
//mail('secratary@example.com', 'Order number %d is shipped', 'Text');
echo 'Mail sended to the secratary to help her remember to call our customer for a survey.';
}
}
}
}
$oOrder = new Order(26012011);
$oOrder->attachObserver(new OrderStatusHandler());
$oOrder->updateStatus(Order::STATUS_DELIVERED);
$oOrder->add();
?>
Now we are able to take action on different events that occur.
Disadvantages
Although this implementation works quite well there are some drawbacks. One of those drawbacks is that we need to dispatch an event in our framework, if we don’t programmers can’t hook into our application. Triggering events everywhere give us a small performance penalty however I do think this way of working gives the programmers a nice way to hook into your application on those spots that you want them to hook in.
Just for the record
Notice that this code is just an example and can still use some improvements, for example: each observer is initialized even it will maybe never be notified, therefore I suggest to make use of lazy in some cases for loading the objects. There are other systems to hook into an application, more to follow!
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Медицинские споры становятся важной темой в современные дни Причины медицинских споров могут быть разнообразными и касаться
оказания медицинских услуг Сложность ситуации усугубляется тем, что в сфере
медицины присутствует множество практик и нюансов,
которые необходимо учитывать
Факторы, приводящие к медицинским спорам
Граждане могут сталкиваться с медицинскими спорами по нескольким ключевым причинам:
Договорные нарушения при оказании
медицинских услуг.
Ненадлежащее выполнение обязательств медицинскими учреждениями
Ошибки в диагностике и лечении
Ущемление прав пациента в контексте обработки его персональных данных
Непредоставление нужной медицинской помощи
Гражданские права в контексте медицинского обслуживания
Каждый гражданин имеет право на
качественное медицинское обслуживание
Важно осознавать, что права пациентов имеют юридическую
защиту. Если условия договора нарушены или услуги оказаны некачественно, гражданин вправе обратиться в суд для защиты
своих интересов
Доказательства в медицинских спорах
Для успешного рассмотрения
дел в суде важную роль играют доказательства
Пациенту следует собрать перечисленные документы:
Копии контракта на предоставление медицинских
услуг
Медицинские заключения и справки
Доказательства в виде показаний свидетелей и отзывов.
Документы, подтверждающие факт оказания
услуг
Помощь юриста в медицинских спорах
При возникновении медицинского спора рекомендуется обратиться за помощью к юристу, специализирующемуся на данной
сфере Юрист поможет грамотно подготовить исковое заявление, собрать необходимые документы и представлять
интересы клиента в судебном процессе
Значение экспертизы в медицинских спорах
Проведение экспертизы — это ключевой этап в разрешении медицинских споров С помощью экспертизы можно определить причины возникших проблем и степень
вины медицинской организации или врача.
Итоговые выводы экспертизы могут оказать
значительное влияние на решение суда по делу
Юридическая ответственность медицинских учреждений
Медицинские организации несут ответственность за качество оказания услуг Если нарушения обнаружены, пациент имеет право на компенсацию, а также
на привлечение виновных к ответственности Это ключевой аспект правового регулирования в сфере медицинских споров адвокат по медицинскому праву Итоги
Сложные медицинские споры взаимодействуют с интересами пациентов, медицинских учреждений и юридической сферы.
Каждый подобный случай неповторим и требует особого внимания для выяснения того,
кто отвечает за предоставленные услуги и их
негативные последствия Ключевым моментом
является проведение экспертизы, способной подтвердить или опровергнуть позицию каждой из сторон
Наличие профессионального юриста в данной ситуации
значительно повышает шансы на положительное разрешение конфликта.
Юристы, имеющие опыт работы в
медицинской сфере, способны оказать помощь в ряде вопросов:
Оценка юридических позиций сторон
Компиляция и исследование доказательной базы
Представление интересов в суде
Оказание юридической помощи по вопросам прав граждан на медицинские услуги.
При возникновении спора важно
помнить, что за каждым медицинским решением стоит не
только профессиональная политика учреждения, но и персональные данные граждан Важно помнить, что право на защиту своих интересов — это ключевой элемент всех споров, включая те, которые касаются
медицины.
Таким образом, адекватное понимание
способов разрешения медицинских споров позволяет гражданам защищать свои права и улучшать взаимодействие с медицинскими организациями.
Нынешние правовые механизмы и способы их использования дают возможность решать вопросы, возникающие
в практике предоставления медицинской помощи, с большей эффективностью и предсказуемостью.
На финальной ноте, споры в
медицине требуют системного подхода и налаженного взаимодействия между юристами, пациентами и медицинскими организациями Защита прав граждан в данной
сфере является важным аспектом, и грамотный выбор
опытных специалистов может оказать значительное воздействие на итог
дела Необходимо помнить, что каждое дело уникально,
и только подробный анализ всех условий позволит добиться справедливости и удовлетворенности обеих сторон спора
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