PHP hook, building hooks in your application
Introduction
One of the real challenges in building any type of framework, core or application is making it possible for the developers to hook into the business logic at specific points. Since PHP is not event based, nor it works with interrupts you have to come up an alternative.
The test case
Lets assume we are the main developers of a webshop framework. Programmers can use our framework to build complete webshops. Programmers can manage the orders that are placed on the webshop with the order class. The order class is part of our framework and we don’t want it to be extended by any programmer. However we don’t want to limit to programmers in their possibilities to hook into the orders process.
For example programmers should be able to send an email to the webshopowner if an order changes from one specific delivery status to another. This functionality is not part of the default behavior in our framework and is custom for the progammers webshop implementation.
Like said before, PHP doesn’t provide interrupts or real events so we need to come up with another way to implement hooks into our application. Lets take a look at the observer pattern.
Implementing the Observer pattern
The observer pattern is a design-pattern that describes a way for objects to be notified to specific state-changes in objects of the application.
For the first implementation we can use SPL. The SPL provides in two simple objects:
SPLSubject
- attach (new observer to attach)
- detach (existing observer to detach)
- notify (notify all observers)
SPLObserver
- update (Called from the subject (i.e. when it’s value has changed).
iOrderRef = $iOrderRef;
// Get order information from the database or an other resources
$this->iStatus = Order::STATUS_SHIPPED;
}
/**
* Attach an observer
*
* @param SplObserver $oObserver
* @return void
*/
public function attach(SplObserver $oObserver)
{
$sHash = spl_object_hash($oObserver);
if (isset($this->aObservers[$sHash])) {
throw new Exception('Observer is already attached');
}
$this->aObservers[$sHash] = $oObserver;
}
/**
* Detach observer
*
* @param SplObserver $oObserver
* @return void
*/
public function detach(SplObserver $oObserver)
{
$sHash = spl_object_hash($oObserver);
if (!isset($this->aObservers[$sHash])) {
throw new Exception('Observer not attached');
}
unset($this->aObservers[$sHash]);
}
/**
* Notify the attached observers
*
* @param string $sEvent, name of the event
* @param mixed $mData, optional data that is not directly available for the observers
* @return void
*/
public function notify()
{
foreach ($this->aObservers as $oObserver) {
try {
$oObserver->update($this);
} catch(Exception $e) {
}
}
}
/**
* Add an order
*
* @param array $aOrder
* @return void
*/
public function delete()
{
$this->notify();
}
/**
* Return the order reference number
*
* @return int
*/
public function getRef()
{
return $this->iOrderRef;
}
/**
* Return the current order status
*
* @return int
*/
public function getStatus()
{
return $this->iStatus;
}
/**
* Update the order status
*/
public function updateStatus($iStatus)
{
$this->notify();
// ...
$this->iStatus = $iStatus;
// ...
$this->notify();
}
}
/**
* Order status handler, observer that sends an email to secretary
* if the status of an order changes from shipped to delivered, so the
* secratary can make a phone call to our customer to ask for his opinion about the service
*
* @package Shop
*/
class OrderStatusHandler implements SplObserver
{
/**
* Previous orderstatus
* @var int
*/
protected $iPreviousOrderStatus;
/**
* Current orderstatus
* @var int
*/
protected $iCurrentOrderStatus;
/**
* Update, called by the observable object order
*
* @param Observable_Interface $oSubject
* @param string $sEvent
* @param mixed $mData
* @return void
*/
public function update(SplSubject $oSubject)
{
if(!$oSubject instanceof Order) {
return;
}
if(is_null($this->iPreviousOrderStatus)) {
$this->iPreviousOrderStatus = $oSubject->getStatus();
} else {
$this->iCurrentOrderStatus = $oSubject->getStatus();
if($this->iPreviousOrderStatus === Order::STATUS_SHIPPED && $this->iCurrentOrderStatus === Order::STATUS_DELIVERED) {
$sSubject = sprintf('Order number %d is shipped', $oSubject->getRef());
//mail('secratary@example.com', 'Order number %d is shipped', 'Text');
echo 'Mail sended to the secratary to help her remember to call our customer for a survey.';
}
}
}
}
$oOrder = new Order(26012011);
$oOrder->attach(new OrderStatusHandler());
$oOrder->updateStatus(Order::STATUS_DELIVERED);
$oOrder->delete();
?>
There are several problems with the implementation above. To most important disadvantage is that we have only one update method in our observer. In this update method we don’t know when and why we are getting notified, just that something happened. We should keep track of everything that happens in the subject. (Or use debug_backtrace… just joking, don’t even think about using it that way ever!).
Taking it a step further, events
Lets take a look at the next example, we will extend the Observer implementation with some an additional parameter for the eventname that occured.
Finishing up, optional data
iOrderRef = $iOrderRef;
// Get order information from the database or something else...
$this->iStatus = Order::STATUS_SHIPPED;
}
/**
* Attach an observer
*
* @param Observer_Interface $oObserver
* @return void
*/
public function attachObserver(Observer_Interface $oObserver)
{
$sHash = spl_object_hash($oObserver);
if (isset($this->aObservers[$sHash])) {
throw new Exception('Observer is already attached');
}
$this->aObservers[$sHash] = $oObserver;
}
/**
* Detach observer
*
* @param Observer_Interface $oObserver
* @return void
*/
public function detachObserver(Observer_Interface $oObserver)
{
$sHash = spl_object_hash($oObserver);
if (!isset($this->aObservers[$sHash])) {
throw new Exception('Observer not attached');
}
unset($this->aObservers[$sHash]);
}
/**
* Notify the attached observers
*
* @param string $sEvent, name of the event
* @param mixed $mData, optional data that is not directly available for the observers
* @return void
*/
public function notifyObserver($sEvent, $mData=null)
{
foreach ($this->aObservers as $oObserver) {
try {
$oObserver->update($this, $sEvent, $mData);
} catch(Exception $e) {
}
}
}
/**
* Add an order
*
* @param array $aOrder
* @return void
*/
public function add($aOrder = array())
{
$this->notifyObserver('onAdd');
}
/**
* Return the order reference number
*
* @return int
*/
public function getRef()
{
return $this->iOrderRef;
}
/**
* Return the current order status
*
* @return int
*/
public function getStatus()
{
return $this->iStatus;
}
/**
* Update the order status
*/
public function updateStatus($iStatus)
{
$this->notifyObserver('onBeforeUpdateStatus');
// ...
$this->iStatus = $iStatus;
// ...
$this->notifyObserver('onAfterUpdateStatus');
}
}
/**
* Order status handler, observer that sends an email to secretary
* if the status of an order changes from shipped to delivered, so the
* secratary can make a phone call to our customer to ask for his opinion about the service
*
* @package Shop
*/
class OrderStatusHandler implements Observer_Interface
{
protected $iPreviousOrderStatus;
protected $iCurrentOrderStatus;
/**
* Update, called by the observable object order
*
* @param Observable_Interface $oObservable
* @param string $sEvent
* @param mixed $mData
* @return void
*/
public function update(Observable_Interface $oObservable, $sEvent, $mData=null)
{
if(!$oObservable instanceof Order) {
return;
}
switch($sEvent) {
case 'onBeforeUpdateStatus':
$this->iPreviousOrderStatus = $oObservable->getStatus();
return;
case 'onAfterUpdateStatus':
$this->iCurrentOrderStatus = $oObservable->getStatus();
if($this->iPreviousOrderStatus === Order::STATUS_SHIPPED && $this->iCurrentOrderStatus === Order::STATUS_DELIVERED) {
$sSubject = sprintf('Order number %d is shipped', $oObservable->getRef());
//mail('secratary@example.com', 'Order number %d is shipped', 'Text');
echo 'Mail sended to the secratary to help her remember to call our customer for a survey.';
}
}
}
}
$oOrder = new Order(26012011);
$oOrder->attachObserver(new OrderStatusHandler());
$oOrder->updateStatus(Order::STATUS_DELIVERED);
$oOrder->add();
?>
Now we are able to take action on different events that occur.
Disadvantages
Although this implementation works quite well there are some drawbacks. One of those drawbacks is that we need to dispatch an event in our framework, if we don’t programmers can’t hook into our application. Triggering events everywhere give us a small performance penalty however I do think this way of working gives the programmers a nice way to hook into your application on those spots that you want them to hook in.
Just for the record
Notice that this code is just an example and can still use some improvements, for example: each observer is initialized even it will maybe never be notified, therefore I suggest to make use of lazy in some cases for loading the objects. There are other systems to hook into an application, more to follow!
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Related article
A lead photo of various travel products that can help pass time in airports
CNN Underscored: Flight delayed? These 14 products will help you pass the time at the airport
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In Hong Kong, the islet of Chek Lap Kok was massively extended to create an island big enough to house a major international airport.
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Barra Airport, Scotland (BRR)
If nothing comes between you and your beach break, then Barra, in Scotland’s Outer Hebrides, is your kind of airport. This is the only place in the world where the runway is on the beach itself.
Just one flight route operates here: Loganair’s 140-mile connection with Glasgow, using 19-seater de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter aircraft. Pilots heading to Barra — an island just eight miles long — must line up and touch down on Traigh Mhor, a wide bay in the north of the island (if Barra is shaped like a turtle, Traigh Mhor is its neck), landing straight onto the sand. Flights must be timed with the tides to allow as much space to land and take off as possible.
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But even a delayed return is worth it for avgeeks. On this tiny plane, passengers experience the flight in close proximity to the pilots — when CNN took a spin on the flight in 2019, they could even see the pilot’s GPS instruments from their seat.
Related article
A lead photo of various travel products that can help pass time in airports
CNN Underscored: Flight delayed? These 14 products will help you pass the time at the airport
Hong Kong International Airport (HKG)
In Hong Kong, the islet of Chek Lap Kok was massively extended to create an island big enough to house a major international airport.
In Hong Kong, the islet of Chek Lap Kok was massively extended to create an island big enough to house a major international airport. d3sign/Moment RF/Getty Images
For the busiest cargo airport in the world, you need space. Luckily, Hong Kong created an entire island for its airport which, when it opened, had the world’s largest passenger terminal, too. Built to replace its predecessor (a single runway in crowded Kowloon, which was notorious for its violent turns on take-off and landing), HKG sits over the original islet of Chek Lap Kok, which was quadrupled in size with reclaimed land to house the two-runway airport. President Bill Clinton was among the first foreigners to touch down after the airport opened in 1998.
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Related article
Sporty airport outfit being worn by writer
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Sumburgh Airport, Scotland (LSI)
The road south from Lerwick cuts across the runway of Sumburgh Airport on Shetland.
The road south from Lerwick cuts across the runway of Sumburgh Airport on Shetland. Alan Morris/iStock Editorial/Getty Images
Planning a trip to Jarlshof, the extraordinarily well-preserved Bronze Age settlement towards the southern tip of Shetland? You may need to build in some extra time. The ancient and Viking-era ruins, called one of the UK’s greatest archaeological sites, sit just beyond one of the runways of Sumburgh, Shetland’s main airport — and reaching them means driving, cycling or walking across the runway itself.
There’s only one road heading due south from the capital, Lerwick; and while it ducks around most of the airport’s perimeter, skirting the two runways, the road cuts directly across the western end of one of them. A staff member occupies a roadside hut, and before take-offs and landings, comes out to lower a barrier across the road. Once the plane is where it needs to be, up come the barriers and waiting drivers get a friendly thumbs up.
Amata Kabua International Airport, Marshall Islands (MAJ)
Fly into Majuro and you’ll skim across the Pacific and land on the runway that’s just about as wide as the sandbar-like island itself.
Fly into Majuro and you’ll skim across the Pacific and land on the runway that’s just about as wide as the sandbar-like island itself. mtcurado/iStockphoto/Getty Images
Imagine flying into Majuro, the capital of the Marshall Islands in Micronesia. You’re descending down, down, and further down towards the Pacific, no land in sight. Then you’re suddenly above a pencil-thin atoll — can you really be about to land here? Yes you are, with cars racing past the runway no less, matching you for speed.
Majuro’s Amata Kabua International Airport gives a whole new meaning to the phrase “water landing”. Its single runway, just shy of 8,000ft, is a slim strip of asphalt over the sandbar that’s barely any wider than the atoll itself — and the island is so remote that when the runway was resurfaced, materials had to be transported from the Philippines, Hong Kong and Korea, according to the constructors. “Lagoon Road” — the 30-mile road that runs from top to toe on Majuro — skims alongside the runway.
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Related article
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Sumburgh Airport, Scotland (LSI)
The road south from Lerwick cuts across the runway of Sumburgh Airport on Shetland.
The road south from Lerwick cuts across the runway of Sumburgh Airport on Shetland. Alan Morris/iStock Editorial/Getty Images
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Amata Kabua International Airport, Marshall Islands (MAJ)
Fly into Majuro and you’ll skim across the Pacific and land on the runway that’s just about as wide as the sandbar-like island itself.
Fly into Majuro and you’ll skim across the Pacific and land on the runway that’s just about as wide as the sandbar-like island itself. mtcurado/iStockphoto/Getty Images
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Majuro’s Amata Kabua International Airport gives a whole new meaning to the phrase “water landing”. Its single runway, just shy of 8,000ft, is a slim strip of asphalt over the sandbar that’s barely any wider than the atoll itself — and the island is so remote that when the runway was resurfaced, materials had to be transported from the Philippines, Hong Kong and Korea, according to the constructors. “Lagoon Road” — the 30-mile road that runs from top to toe on Majuro — skims alongside the runway.
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Related article
Barra Airport, Scotland
At Scotland’s beach airport, the runway disappears at high tide
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